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1. The Evolution of Medical Imaging Medical imaging has transformed modern healthcare, offering non-invasive insights into the human body. From the serendipitous discovery of X-rays to the sophisticated MRI and PET systems of today, the journey of medical imaging is a testament to human ingenuity. Let’s explore how this remarkable field began and evolved. 1.1. The Birth of X-ray and Gamma Radiation Imaging for Medical Purposes 1895 - The Discovery of X-rays: Wilhelm

Instagram: @lentark IGBTs (Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors) and MOSFETs (Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors) are switching elements used in power electronics applications, and there are many protection methods to ensure these components are not damaged. DESAT (desaturation) protection is just one of these methods and it detects overcurrent/short-circuit conditions of the switching element, allowing the driver to turn off the switching element before any dam

Error sources in opamp circuits are not limited to gain, bandwidth, or supply voltage. Especially in precision measurement, low-level signal processing, and high-impedance circuits, parameters such as input bias current, input offset current, and input offset voltage can cause significant output voltage shifts. In this article, the effects of the Input Bias Current, Input Offset Current, and Input Offset Voltage parameters, which are specified in opamp datasheets, are exami

Supercapacitors are high-capacitance energy storage components used in applications that require short-term energy support and fast charge/discharge capability. Compared with conventional capacitors, they can reach much higher capacitance values, which makes them useful in systems where sudden energy demand must be supplied. Today, supercapacitors are used in automobiles, buses, trains, cranes, elevators, UPS systems, regenerative braking applications, short-term energy sto

Mica capacitors are known for their high stability, low losses and reliable electrical behavior. There are two main types of mica capacitors: clamped mica capacitors and silver mica capacitors. Clamped mica capacitors are no longer widely used today. For this reason, the term “mica capacitor” generally refers to silver mica capacitors in modern electronic component usage. Structure of Silver Mica Capacitors Silver mica capacitors are produced by depositing silver directly

Film capacitors are widely used because of their distinctive and advantageous electrical properties. They are available with many different dielectric materials, and this makes them suitable for a broad range of electronic and power electronic applications. In general, film capacitors are commonly found in capacitance values from 100 pF to 100 µF. However, polypropylene film capacitors can extend this upper range significantly, reaching capacitance values up to several mill

PWM-Core modules are designed to simplify configurable PWM signal generation in embedded systems, test setups and power electronics applications. Depending on the model, the PWM-Core family can provide multiple PWM outputs, phase control, UART-based configuration, internal memory support and SPWM signal generation. Since each model is developed for a different use case, comparing their main features in a single table can make the selection process easier. Below you can find

Tantalum capacitors can provide high capacitance values in small component packages. Although they have lower surge current capability and weaker electrical stress tolerance compared with some other capacitor types, they are widely used because of their compact size and strong performance in several important capacitor parameters, such as low internal losses and good temperature stability. Unlike the more widely known aluminum electrolytic capacitors, tantalum electrolytic

Ceramic capacitors are among the most widely used capacitor types in the electronics industry. Both SMD and through-hole versions are used in very large quantities across many different electronic circuits. As the name suggests, ceramic capacitors use a ceramic dielectric material between their electrodes. This dielectric structure gives them several useful properties, such as low ESR, good high-frequency performance and stable behavior depending on the ceramic material use

Aluminum electrolytic capacitors have been used in the electronics industry for many decades and are still among the most common capacitor types in electronic circuits. One of their main advantages is that they can provide high capacitance values in a relatively small package. Through-hole aluminum electrolytic capacitors are generally more common than surface-mount versions, especially in power supply and general-purpose electronic designs. They are widely available in a b

PCB panel design, also known as paneling or panelization, is an important step in the high-volume PCB manufacturing process. To improve the efficiency of PCB production and surface-mount assembly lines, small individual PCBs are often arranged together in a larger manufacturing panel. This group of repeated or combined PCB designs is called a panel or multiblock. Depending on the production process and the PCB design, the individual boards are separated from the panel after

Castellated holes are used to mount one PCB onto the surface of another PCB or to create custom edge-connection structures on a circuit board. They can be designed in different forms depending on the application. In many cases, they appear as half-plated holes along the edge of the PCB. However, depending on the manufacturing method and design requirement, they may also look like a smaller or larger section of a cut circular hole. This structure can help with alignment duri

PP504F1A-02W40 is a member of the PWM-Core family designed for configurable PWM signal generation. Compared with simpler PWM signal sources, it provides a more flexible structure for applications that require multiple PWM outputs, adjustable timing parameters and communication-based configuration. The device can be configured through UART commands. This makes it possible to update PWM parameters such as period, phase and duty cycle from an external microcontroller, includin

As electronic systems become more advanced, the role of embedded control also becomes more important. Many products now require not only basic control functions, but also precise timing, signal generation, communication and parameter management. In this kind of design process, microcontroller selection can become more difficult than expected. A microcontroller may be suitable for the main application logic, but it may not always provide the required number of PWM channels,

MOSFETs and IGBTs are widely used as electronic switching components in power electronics applications. They make it possible to control electrical energy in many different systems, from motor control and heating applications to test setups and industrial control circuits. However, using these components effectively requires more than simply selecting the right transistor. The switching device must be driven correctly, and the control signal must be suitable for the applica

In electronic design, performance is not defined only by electrical specifications. User-friendly electronic design is also important because a device should be easy to control, easy to monitor and practical to use during real applications. This is especially important in laboratory setups, development environments and energy control systems where parameters may need to be adjusted frequently. The MOSFET driver device developed by Lentark was designed with this approach in